Bpharm 4th-semester notes in pdf – Free Download
BPHARM 4TH-SEMESTER NOTES ALL SUBJECTS
PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – III
UNIT – 1
Stereo isomerism
Stereo isomerism, also known as stereoisomerism, is a form of isomerism where molecules have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms (constitution), but differ in the three-dimensional orientations of their atoms in space. This type of isomerism is divided into two main categories: enantiomerism and diastereomerism.
UNIT – 2
Geometrical isomerism
Geometrical isomerism, also known as cis-trans isomerism, is a type of stereoisomerism where the spatial arrangement of atoms or groups around a rigid structure (like a double bond or a ring system) results in different isomers. These isomers cannot be interconverted without breaking chemical bonds. Geometric isomers have the same molecular formula and connectivity of atoms but differ in their spatial arrangement, leading to different physical and chemical properties.
UNIT – 3
Heterocyclic compounds: Pyrrole, Furan, and Thiophene
Heterocyclic compounds are a class of organic compounds that contain a ring structure composed of at least one atom other than carbon (usually nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur) as part of the ring. Pyrrole, furan, and thiophene are examples of five-membered heterocyclic compounds, each containing different heteroatoms.
UNIT – 4
Pyrazole, Imidazole, Oxazole, Thiazole, Pyridine, Quinoline, Isoquinoline, Acridine and Indole
UNIT – 5
Reactions of synthetic importance
The reactions of synthetic importance in organic chemistry are those that enable the construction, modification, and functionalization of organic molecules. These reactions are pivotal in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials. Below are some key reactions of synthetic importance:
MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY – I
UNIT – 1
Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry, History and development of medicinal chemistry, Physicochemical properties in relation to biological action, Drug metabolism
UNIT – 2
Drugs acting on Autonomic Nervous System, Adrenergic Neurotransmitters, Sympathomimetic agents: SAR of Sympathomimetic agents, Adrenergic Antagonists, Alpha adrenergic blockers, Beta adrenergic blockers
UNIT – 3
Cholinergic neurotransmitters, Parasympathomimetic agents: SAR of Parasympathomimetic agents, Direct acting agents, Indirect acting/ Cholinesterase inhibitors (Reversible & Irreversible), Cholinesterase reactivator, Cholinergic Blocking agents: SAR of cholinolytic agent, Solanaceous alkaloids and analogues, Synthetic cholinergic blocking agents
UNIT – 4
Drugs acting on Central Nervous System: Sedatives and Hypnotics, Antipsychotics, Anticonvulsants
UNIT – 5
Drugs acting on Central Nervous System: General anesthetics, Narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics, Anti-inflammatory agents
PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS-II
UNIT – 1
Colloidal dispersions
Colloidal dispersions, also known simply as colloids, are mixtures in which one substance (the dispersed phase) is finely divided and uniformly distributed throughout another substance (the continuous phase). The particles in the dispersed phase are typically in the range of 1 nanometer to 1 micrometer in size, which is intermediate between true solutions and suspensions.
UNIT – 2
Rheology, Deformation of solids
Rheology
Rheology is the study of the flow and deformation of matter, encompassing the behavior of liquids, solids, and materials that exhibit properties of both (viscoelastic materials). It involves understanding how materials respond to applied forces, which is essential in numerous industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and materials science.
Deformation of Solids
The deformation of solids involves changes in shape or size of a solid material under the action of external forces. This can be described by several key concepts and theories.
UNIT – 3
Coarse dispersion
Coarse dispersions are mixtures where the dispersed particles are relatively large, typically in the range of 1 to 100 micrometers. These particles are larger than those found in colloidal dispersions and can be seen with the naked eye or under a light microscope. Due to their size, coarse dispersions have different stability and behavior compared to colloidal dispersions.
UNIT – 4
Micromeretics
Micromeritics is the science and technology of small particles. It deals with the study of physical properties and behavior of particulate materials, particularly focusing on particles in the size range of a few nanometers to several millimeters. This field is critical in various industries such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food, and materials science, where the properties of powders and granular materials play a significant role in product performance and quality.
UNIT – 5
Drug stability
Drug stability refers to the capacity of a pharmaceutical product to maintain its identity, strength, quality, and purity throughout its shelf life. Ensuring drug stability is crucial for maintaining the efficacy and safety of medications. Stability can be influenced by various environmental factors and the inherent properties of the drug substance and formulation.
PHARMACOLOGY – I
UNIT – 1
General Pharmacology – Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics is the branch of pharmacology that studies how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted by the body. It encompasses the journey of a drug from its administration to its elimination and provides insights into the drug’s behavior within the body.
UNIT – 2
General Pharmacology – Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacodynamics is the branch of pharmacology that studies the effects of drugs on the body, including the mechanisms through which drugs produce their effects. It is concerned with the relationship between drug concentration at the site of action and the resulting therapeutic or toxic effects.
UNIT – 3
Pharmacology of drugs acting on peripheral nervous system
Drugs acting on the peripheral nervous system (PNS) influence the function of nerves outside the central nervous system (CNS). These drugs can affect various components of the PNS, including the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, and the somatic nervous system, which controls voluntary muscle movements. Here’s an overview of the pharmacology of drugs affecting the PNS:
UNIT – 4
Pharmacology of drugs acting on central nervous system
Drugs that act on the central nervous system (CNS) have a profound impact on mental, emotional, and physiological functions. They can be classified based on their effects on mood, cognition, consciousness, and behavior. Here’s an overview of the pharmacology of drugs affecting the CNS:
UNIT – 5
Pharmacology of drugs acting on central nervous system
Certainly! Here’s an in-depth look at the pharmacology of drugs acting on the central nervous system (CNS), which is a broad field encompassing various types of drugs with different mechanisms and uses:
PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY-I
UNIT – 1
Introduction to Pharmacognosy, Classification of drug, Quality control of Drugs of Natural Origin
UNIT – 2
Cultivation, Collection, Processing and storage of drugs of natural origin, Conservation of medicinal plants
UNIT – 3
Plant tissue culture
Plant tissue culture is a technique used to grow and maintain plant cells, tissues, or organs in a controlled, sterile environment on a nutrient medium. This method is widely used in research, horticulture, agriculture, and forestry for a variety of purposes, including plant propagation, genetic modification, and the production of secondary metabolites.
UNIT – 4
Pharmacognosy in various systems of medicine, Introduction to secondary metabolites
UNIT – 5
Plant Products, Primary metabolites, proteins, and Enzymes, Lipids(Waxes, fats, fixed oils), Marine Drug
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